1.RISK - RETURN Trade Off -As the risk increases the return increases , Additional Risk are taken when we expect additional return
2.Time Value of Money - The rupee/dollar received today is worth more than a rupee/dollar received in the future
3.Cash is the King of Business, Not the profit
4. Incremental Cash Flows - It is the difference between the cash flows if the project is taken on versus what they will be if the project is not taken on
5.Highly Competitive Market
6.Efficient Capital Markets
7.The Agency Problem - Conflict between the stockholders and the managers
8.Taxes Bias Business Decisions
9.All risk is not equal - Some risk can be diversified but some cannot be diversified
10. Business Ethics
CORPORATE FINANCIAL MODEL
The above diagram depicts the corporate finance model in a simplified way.Professor Srikanth who interacted with us for Financial Reporting and analysis provided this diagram.I loved this diagram!! It beautifully depicts the whole process.He made every session very interesting . He was a person filled with energy !!! I enjoyed reading finance and he gave us an opportunity to analyze FMCG balance sheets !! It was a great learning filled with fun !!!
It is the percentage of amount deducted from the total libality of the bank and which should be kept in the liquid form with the bank(say total liability of bank is 100 and amount for CRR is fixed 5%,than Rs. 5 will be kept in the liquid form ),remainig amount will be Rs.95-/
SLR - Stuatory liquidity Ratio
It is the percentage(fixed by the RBI) of money(left after deduction of CRR) which is invested in the government securities.(say the Percentage fixed for the SLR is 25% than 25%of95 will be invested as the SLR
PLR- Prime Lending Rate
Is the percentage of amount left after deduction of CRR and SLR from the total liability of any bank, and lend to the Sectors at lower rate of interest as compare to another lending.
Repo Rate -Lending rate offered by the RBI to other banks for short term lendin against the private securities.
Reverse Repo Rate - It is the opposite of RR(means rate at which RBI offers the securities to the banks)
Going the extra mile ... Yes varnam is going the extra mile in every sense. Varnam distributed clothes,towels and sweets for all the students at MGR school.
This autobiography clearly shows that Dr.Kalam is a level 5 leader. He tasted success only after numerous failures.It does substantiates the words of Jack Welch " If you do not know how to lose , you will never know how to win".
Mr.Bharath , CEO of a manaufacturing company said "What is different is not what is wrong" , the life style of Dr.Kalam substantiates it. When he took responsibility for the failure of SLV-3 , he made himself a great leader. I also believe that Prof.Vikram Sarabhi has played great role in designing the art called Dr.APJ. Finally this art projected india to the world. Another great leader was Prof.Sarabhai. I feel he laid the foundation for everything.He not only laid the foundation,but he identified the right successors for the indian space projects. I feel the whole rocket engineering has got transformed because of these great personalities. The Level 5 leadership defined by Jim Collinsin good to great is superb ! It definitely makes all the difference.
I admired the discipline of Dr.APJ. He is just unbelievable when it comes to passion and truthfulness.He made the right platform for himself to prove.When Dr.Kalam formed his team for Prithvi,Trsihul and Agni , he did concentrate to get the right people and things got executed for him one after the other successfully.
The positive environment and family members motivation had a huge impact on his performance.Dr.APJ forms a great example for a level 5 leader. Not only Dr.APJ , but also Prof.Vikram Sarabhai.
Key take away
The right idea at the right time with a courage to take a decision or chance will make all the difference. Enjoy Reading !!
My last article on varnam was on july'08. I did mention that we were working towards making VARNAM as a NGO. Today, we are heading towards the transformation with a great momentum. On 26thSept'08 we launched VARNAM as a professional community working for the betterment of people and we did make a promise to every one that we will go the extra mile !!
It was a beautiful event at SMOT Business School Campus , Chennai. We did invite our director Dr.Narasimhan to be the chief guest. Our director was excited about the whole idea and extended his support towards the project. We did work out with the rotary club of temple city and Isha Foundation to get saplings . We donated 50 saplings to SMOT Business School. We also plant to launch a PLANT INDEX as a part of Varnam to evaluate our work against global warming. We came up with a cool model for Varnam. We mapped different social activities with VIBGYOR in tune with our name ( Varnam means COLORS in tamil language). We have planned to intensify our activities in each and every vertical and spread our wings. I personally feel VANRAM as a movement to spread love and we are sure that we will go the extra mile very soon !! Our dearest prof.RTN called VARNAM way as PAY IT FORWARD. Today, all the trustees are working towards this.
On 26th Sept'08 Prof. RTN gave Rs.10,000 for a student pursuing BA Nursing at MA Chidambaram college for Nursing, giving birth to varnam scholarship. In the last few months my respect towards Prof.RTN has grown exponentially. Infact, i plan to compile the series of learnings from him at Cup & Saucers into a book.
Today , we have our own website and we have 15 trustees ( Varnam about to be registered as a Public Charitable Trust) and i am proud to be a varnamite !!! We are planning to launch a operational team based on the Varnam Model. We strongly believe that technology can enable us to achieve more and we are spreading our wings towards many activities. Check our website www.varnam.co.in for the recent updates.
Register to our newsletter and events alert. Join the movement to spread love !!!
I completed reading "Last Lecture" on 30th June'08! Its a great book by Randy Pausch .I was excited by the following quote in the book " Experience is what you get when you do not get what you wanted " - Fantastic.I downloaded the complete lecturegiven by Randy Pausch at Carnegie Mellon Univesity from Internet. Its fabulous ! You can get it with a simple search in youtube !!
Randy was affected by pancreatic cancer and he is about to die in few months. He did write this book for his children and to create an awarness about the cancer. The video series of the lecture at Carnegie Mellom University is simply superb !!! I just loved watching it !!! He is super cool and humorous.It a a must watch for every one !!
I was touched, when he called up his wife to celebrate her birthday in front of 400 students!He introduces to the Head Fake concept. It's interesting - It says Indirect learning is essential ! I did download the software ALICE and used it. Its good! I have also mailed my Undergraduate College Head Of Department,IT to use this software for the 3D programming course and also adviced the college to download the 3.0 version for teaching java. Its a software developed with randy's expertise.
This book truly emphasizes on the purpose of life. He has related things beautifully. Oh my god ! The girl who took the Elephant stuffed doll (Even she had pancreatic cancer) had run carrying olympic torch. I found this stuff in the internet.(You will understand this once you read the book)
He has a great love towards his family.The pre-recorded message in his telephone is awesome. The whole lecture comes to about 1 Hr 15 Min. I liked the way he emphasized on being truthful.
A fantastic book which is an outcome of the research by Jim Collins,co-author of the book “ Built To Last”. Good to Great brings the answer for “why some companies make the leap to become great while other companies fail”.The essence of the book is to find what lies behind the black box transforming a good company into a great company.
Key findings discussed in GOOD TO GREAT
Ten of eleven good to great CEO’s came from inside the company
Based on his study, the idea that executive compensation is a key driver in corporate performance is simply not supported
Both Set of companies had well defined strategies . Good to Great Companies did not spent more time on long range strategic planning
Good to Great principally did not focus on “ WHAT TO DO” but they equally focused on “ WHAT NOT TO DO “
Technology can accelerate the transformation but technology cannot cause a transformation
M&A’s play virtually no role in igniting the transformation. Two big mediocre companies joined together never make a great company
He discusses the following traits found in a great company
Level 5 Leadership
Professional will + Personal Humility = Level 5
Level 5 Leader look out the window to apportion the credit to factors outside themselves
At the same time , they look in the mirror to apportion responsibility , never blaming bad luck when things go poorly
First Who... Then What
In a good to great transformation people are not your most important asset, but it’s the right people who are the asset
When in Doubt Do not Hire – Keep Looking for the right people
When you know,you need to make people change, act
Put your best people on your biggest opportunities, not your biggest problems
Confront the Brutal Facts
Rely only on fact
The Hedgehog Concept
Reduce all challenges and dilemmas to simple indeed simplistic hedgehog ideas
Hold both disciplines of faith and facts at the same time, all the time
A Culture of Discipline
Good to great companies hired self disciplined people who did not need to be managed, and then managed the system and not the people
Technology Accelerators
Great companies used technology as an enabler to accelerate the momentum
India as we know is well immersed in equity culture, with the debt market playing the less glamorous role of second fiddle. The fact is that corporate bonds market nowhere near equities in breadth, depth or innovation. The United States of America, for example, has one of the most active secondary markets in both government and corporate bonds. The trading volume in the US debt market is said to be on an average ten times the size of the equity trading. In India the average daily trading in debt during the last year was about one tenth of the average daily trading in equities. These comparisons bring out the underdeveloped nature of the Indian debt markets.
Why Bonds were not as attractive as equities?
The interest rate scenario in India was regulated by RBI in such a way that the interest rates charged by the commercial banks for the project loans were relatively lower compared to other funds
The Finance Ministry did not permit bond issues of companies that would exceed the debt-equity ratio of 2:1; the institutions used to extend loans that would result in a debt-equity of up to 3:1 in respect of highly capital- intensive projects
Highly discouraging factor was the high level of stamp duty that the state governments levied on secondary market transactions in bonds
Thus the corporate borrowers preferred to raise funds by approaching term lending institutions.
The Opportunity for Bonds
After the liberalization the protective status of DFI has been removed and no longer relevant in the deregulated financial system, which has cut off their access to low cost funds. This gaping hole in the finance industry has to be plugged and most natural step would be to encourage growth of an active bond market.
Who is into India’s Bond Market?
In terms of the primary issues of debt instruments, Indian market is quite large. The government continues to be a large borrower unlike South Korea where the private sector is the main borrower. Currently almost 98% of the secondary market transactions in debt instruments relate to government securities, treasury bills and bonds of public sector companies
Indian household has great appetite for debt instruments provided they are packaged properly. The main financial instruments popular with the households are bank deposits, provident funds, insurance, income-oriented mutual funds, and postal savings schemes. However, the share of fixed income instruments that could be traded in the secondary markets is negligible. The main reason for this is the absence of an active secondary market in debt instruments. Investors are not willing to invest in tradable instruments as they lack required liquidity.
The government on its part has been taking up several key steps to ensure that debt market comes to life.
Statutory prescription of bank’s investment in government and other approved securities has been scaled down from peak level to 25%. Focus has shifted towards widening the customer base.
Allowing the FIIs to invest in government securities, subject to certain limits. This should bring the desired liquidity and breadth to the market.
Introduction of automated screen based trading system has been introduced in Government securities through a Negotiated dealing System (NDS).
A risk free payments and settlement system in government securities through the Clearing Corporation of India Ltd. (CCIL) has been setup. This will remove the counter party risk involved in financial transactions.
Steps like these have to follow up with further reforms and policy changes which will ensure the wholeness and strength of Indian debt market.
The Present and Future
Indian debt market grew at an 18.02% per annum rate from 1999 to 2006 as per BIS data. At this pace and considering a 8.21% bottom up forecast for the world debt market, India would break 1% of world bond market by January 2010, and reach approximately 4% by 2025. In dollar terms, the Indian bond market would swell from about US$ 331 billion to an eye popping figure of US$ 4.0 trillion by 2025, equivalent to the current size of Japanese government bond market.
Growth of debt market is a key ingredient to the continued success of Indian growth story. And barring any serious policy reversal by government in this direction, a vibrant Indian debt market is all set to become a reality.
Varnam means colors in Tamil language. At SMOT our batch(PGPM4T3'08) was inspired by our professor Mr.R.T Narendra.He was very impressive in his lectures and he gave us the freedom to prove and innovate. His words were motivating and filled with passion.He tells us to CELEBRATE LIFE and we did celebrate every interaction with him .Here are few comments given by my friends Ulagammai (Ullu) and Vishal.It tells everything about him and his interactions with us. ------------------ Most days I'm so happy to attend your class & know your message, and the days on which when your classes are not conducted for that positive message are the ones when it's most important and useful to me for your words to be waiting there in my inbox to kick me out of a negative groove. Hats of to you & the changes that you have done to our thinking pattern which has allowed us to be a good human being.The Best part is that this is just the beginning & there is still lots more to hear & learn from you & this what drives us every morning to reach SMOT - Vishal Bothra, SMOT Student. We have seen many teachers from schools to college who treated teaching as a profession and taught mere lessons from the books, we compare this to the tablets and strup given by the doctors to cure our illness, but you are different, you have taught the world to us and made us discover ourselves,we would compare you to kamal hassan in vasool raja mbbs who gave a new version to curing illness "kattipudi vaithiyam". Sir you are great and we are very thankful to you. - Ulagammai, SMOT Student. -----------------
Mr.RTN was a great inspiration for our batch to start "Project Varnam" through which we helped the helpless.I enjoyed all his interactions and i took all his words very seriously.He was teaching us the art to live in this world. He showed the path for love and affection.We were so lucky to have him with us. His words " Plan for the future by performing in the present " made lot of sense. I started reading many books only after his interactions.Nothing is impossible if Mr.RTN is with us and i am proud to be associated with him. We had great weekend assignments visiting NGO's and it was a great team work. It provided us an opportunity to interact with many people in NGO. He banked for all the projects and our first visit was to "Kakkum karangal". Chiranjeevi helped us to get to this place. It was quite hard to see helpless childrens. We sponsored lunch for the childrens. Our next visit was to "Chennai Puram Samajyam". We decided to teach the childrens at chennai puram samajyam and we started with "English" .We visited this place every weekend and helped the childrens to learn english. We trained 60 childrens and the childrens were so sweet and they were enthusiastic to learn the language .
Our next visit was to "MGR Deaf and Dumb school". The children were deaf and dumb. It was quite difficult to communicate with these children . We organized games for them and they enjoyed to a greater extend. The children wanted us to visit every week end and conduct games. The specialty about these kids was even though they were disabled , they were so optimistic and filled with energy.
Currently, we plan to transform "Varnam" into a NGO and we plan to launch a website for Varnam.
During my PGPM at SMOT ,i had the opportunity to watch some inspiring movies through "Management through Movies" program and i juz loved this session.I am happy to share the movies that i enjoyed watching !!!
1. Other Peoples Money 2. Shawshank Redemption 3. Wizard of Oz 4. Inconvenient Truth - Algore 5. Gung Ho 6. Wall Street 7. 300 8. Good Will Hunting 9. Remembering the TITANS 10. Kopps
Some good books to read. Inspired by my Prof.R T Narendra , I started to read a lot more !!!!! The following is the list of titles suggested by my Prof.RTN and my favorites. Enjoy reading!
Good to Great
Fortune at Bottom of the pyramid
Last Lecture
What Got You Here Won't Get You There - Dr.Goldsmith
TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES LTD a real good organisation with flexible HR policies and good systems.It was a great experience to begin my career as a fresher at TCS.It is definitely the best place to work. TCS is quite a process oriented company which operates efficiently and effectively. Although there are some aspects that needs an revision especially the compensation package. Work environment is excellent and you have the freedom to prove.
Even though work environment differ from various projects within TCS, there is not a major difference.The internal system of TCS is called as Ultimatix ! Its awesome ! It fetched some awards for TCS. There are many pet projects coming from the CTO and all are attractive and innovative. I did see tremendous changes happening within TCS. Whether its re-structuring the company or introducing a new policy , TCS was fantastic. The associates were empowered to do the right things. The various internal clubs and sites such as Maitree , ALP , Ultimatix , Knowmax , Mighty ,@TCS , PULSE are excellent and useful.I admired the management of TCS which was so dynamic and refreshing. Proud to be a TCSer!
Ppl do spell TCS as a government organization etc.. Of course it has a mix. You can feel everything. An organization employing more than 1 lakh associates will definitely have many problems but TCS handles it effectively. There are no rewards without pain. But it has been so dynamic in addressing the mistakes and past few years it has gone through a dramatic transformation. Cheers to the management and to the service industry in india !!!!
Understanding Financial Ratios – Simplified for an Analyst
Liquidity Ratios
What it tells? It’s a measure of the company's ability to pay-off its short term debt obligations.
How it is measured? It is measured by comparing the company's most liquid assets and short term liabilities.
Current Ratio
Quick Ratio
Cash Ratio
Current Ratio
A Popular ratio to check company’s liquidity position.It is calculated as
CR = Current Assets/Current Liabilities
It can be referred as Working Capital position.It clearly shows the ability of the company to pay-off their short term debts using their short term assets.Higher the Current Ratio , better for the company
Short term Assets - Cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, receivables and inventory
Short term Liabilities - Notes payable, current portion of term debt, payables, accrued expenses and taxes
Quick Ratio
Popularly known as acid-test ratio.It is calculated as
QR = (Cash & Equivalents + Receivables + Short Term Investments) /Current Liabilities
It refines the current ratio by considering the most liquid current assets to cover the current liabilities.It does not include Inventory and Other current assets because it is more difficult to convert them into cash.Higher the Quick Ratio, more liquid the company
Cash Ratio
It further refines CR and QR.It shows the ability of the company to cover the current liabilities with the cash & equivalents and Short term investments.It is the most stringent liquidity ratio considering only the most liquid items.It is calculated as
Cash Ratio = Cash & Equivalents + Short Term Investments / Current Liabilities
Profitability Ratios
What it tells? It’s gives user a better understanding on how well the company has utilized its resources to make profit
Profit Margin Analysis
ROA
ROE
ROCE
Profit Margin Analysis
It is the amount of profit generated by the company as a percent of the sales generated. Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, PBT Margin, Net profit Margin.It is calculated as
(Gross Profit or Operating Profit or PBT or PAT/Net profit) / Net Sales
The net profit margin is the most mentioned and referred value.
Return on Assets
This ratio indicates how profitable a company is relative to its total assets.The ROA ratio is calculated by comparing net income to average total assets, and is expressed as a percentage It is calculated as
ROA = Net Income / Average Total Assets.
Assets include Fixed assets and Current assets
Return on Equity
This ratio indicates how profitable a company is by comparing its net income to its average shareholders' equity.The higher the ratio percentage, the more efficient management is in utilizing its equity base and the better return is to investors.It is calculated as
ROE = Net Income/Average Share holders Equity
Return on capital employed
This measure narrows the focus to gain a better understanding of a company's ability to generate returns from its available capital base.By comparing net income to the sum of a company's debt and equity capital, investors can get a clear picture of how the use of leverage impacts a company's profitability.It is calculated as
Deputed to pune for Select Universal Life (SUL) a project at PGS (Principal Global Solutions) was a fantastic experience. Pune as such was a great place in every way. It was filled with joy and had fun and only fun. It was a sweet stay with vamsi and a group of nine people from TCS.Vamsi and I were the chottus at that point of time. It was a good experience to work at client place and it gave me an opportunity to meet new associates and explore pune.
Pune - Happening place in India ! A great place to hang on. It has bunch of places to visit and enjoy. Even though i was staying at Hadapsar (Outskirts of Pune) the city was quite reachable. Magarpatta city was my work place. It was a beautiful town ship (STPI) with a superb infrastructure and plantations. I cannot forgot the long walks that we had at magarpatta city. Also ,we had an opportunity to see SHIVAJI shooting casting Rajnikanth,Shreya,Vivek and many.Every week end , we had a party to rock . Visited Flags,360 degree,Mainland China ,Deccan,Fc road, Mc and all others. It was fun,fun and only fun.The stay provided by TCS was ultimate. It was manisha service apartments ,quite good. CCD was my favourite (Frappe was great !!!). I learnt accounting as a part of co-ordinating the stay at pune for all the associates. It was a four and half month lovely stay .
I also had an opportunity to stay with my friend AVAshok working at avaya. We had a pretty rocking time. He cannot live with out dancing on week ends !!! Chinni - Stock Analysis , Subbu - A superb manager ! , Jeya - Down to earth techie , Vamsi - my roomie! , Jeeth - party preparator !! , Gopi - Hero !!. It was a unforgettable experience at pune.
I joined the Bharthians paradise to do my sixth standard.All i can say about my school is WOW!!! Its just awesome! Even though i joined hostel at a young age,i had never felt home sick.It was always a pleasant stay at my school.But at times definitely missed home food!!.The academic training was excellent and there was no full stop for extra-curricular activities. As an hosteler for more than six years i spent most of the time at hostel. Being a hosteler for quite some time helped me to be flexible and plan better .It also helped me to organize things and be independent. I can never forget the pool where we used to swim for long hours and look like a west indian. It was fun playing volley ball ,Hockey , Ball badmiton and Cricket.
Our guide was our correspondent Dr.L.M.Ramakrishnan . He was very friendly and he empowered us to perform. He loved being with us especially hostel students . He emphasizes on ' Be the best in what ever you do'. He is a passionate speaker. The annual day and hostel day celebrations during my tenure were juz superb!. It was fun fun fun !!!. Especially hostel day was very good ( Yummy Food !!! ). We actively participated in many social activities such as election campaigns, lions club meetings and human chain for peace . We had field trips every year and i loved it !!. My batch 'Carol Ciaos ' as it was named was just awesome!!. Different people diversified vision . Tharanian , Ramprakash , Ops, Sarvesh,vasanth, Madhan, Thiyagu ,Pranesh ,Raguram ,Sbsg, Prasanna,Rahul are some of them whom i can never forget. Our school house Gandhi,Vivekananda,Tagore and Nehru is always a special one to think about. Proud to be an Gandhian!!. It was a great experience to stay at Thindal and the visiting sundays,night studies ,sports,summer camps,Divisional games etc...made the stay @ BVB the best ...
Initial Learning Program (ILP) at TCS-trivandrum was so special because of two reason.First,the enthusiastic and interesting training content which kept us on a roll.Second,the team of thirty(T-86) was juz excellent.Every one was excelling in one way or the other.We had various topics to discuss and enjoy.Moreover, being from different parts of India it was simply superb to know about each other and it provided an opportunity to mingle with everyone.It all started with the selection of CR (Class representative) for T-86 (My batch). Aishi and Jasleen was selected as CR's( They did their job really well!!!).
When you say ILP ,it reminds me my Batch T-86 and the week end trips that we went.Every week end we planned for a picnic.We did visit kovalam beach,Techno park campus,Kanyakumari,Munnar,Waterfalls,Zoo @ trivandrum,Back waters.Every spot was beautiful and it inspired me to plan for kumarakom. BG Continental - This was our hotel just opposite to trivandrum medical college.Fortunately, we had good hotels near by and so there was no opportunity to starve.
My roomie was venkat an OCP certified software engineer.A good individual.ILP gave me good friends such as anushree nair(Mumbai),mahesh(Salem),jasleen(Mumbai),aishi(kolkata) ,Priyadarshini (the politician),Prasad,Rupa,Amit Anand and many more.Sandy - she was juz rocking with her talents.Also, our batch was enthusiastic and encouraging in all aspects. The best nick name that we had during ILP was Buzz . We had Electricka'05 happening during ILP. We won Special prize for SKIT (Arun's Monkey - Man) first prize for singing(Vande Mataram!!).WOW!! we danced for more than an hour (Not SALSA!! Free lance).
The whole batch stayed at kovalam beach one whole night enjoying the silence.It was awesome!!It reminds me the tea we had at leela palace.Fun filled forty five days was just more than fun!!
